Fabrication Properties Research Articles

Fabrication and electrochemical properties of Mn, N, and S co-doped carbon fiber composite bamboo-based woodceramics electrodes

Prepared in this study, Mn, N and S co-doped woodceramics electrodes (WC@Mn-N/S) were prepared using waste bamboo as the base material, carbon fiber as the reinforcement fiber, KMnO4 and CH4N2S as dopants and activators. Mechanical analysis revealed a 68 % increase in the flexural strength of the matrix material reinforced with carbon fibers. Scanning electron microscopy observation indicated that WC@Mn-N/S retained the original natural pore structure of bamboo. The specific surface area (BET) analysis revealed that WC@Mn-N/S exhibited a specific surface area of 861.7 m2/g, with its pore size structure mainly distributed in the range of 1.3–3.8 nm. Electrochemical performance tests showed that the introduction of Mn, N and S elements endowed the bamboo-based electrode with pseudocapacitance characteristics. Additionally, the synergistic effect between these three elements imparted pseudocapacitance to the electrode material. WC@Mn-N/S performent a specific capacitance of 615 F/g, at 0.2 A/g with excellent capacitance retention (99.4 % after 5000 cycles). In the practical assembled in symmetrical capacitor the material showed high power density 500 W/kg and energy density 57.9 Wh/kg, indicating its excellent electrochemical performance.

Influence of phosphorus molar ratio on the fabrication and electrochemical properties of nanorod-shaped LiFePO4 synthesized via iron powder reduction for lithium-ion battery applications

Influence of phosphorus molar ratio on the fabrication and electrochemical properties of nanorod-shaped LiFePO₄ synthesized via iron powder reduction for lithium-ion battery applications

Study of Structural Parameters of Weft Knitted Spacer Fabrics on Wound Dressing Performance

This research aimed to develop wound dressings from weft-knitted spacer fabrics as an alternative to existing dressing options. A Stoll Type CMS530 HP electronic flat knitting machine was used to develop spacer weft knitted fabrics, which were tested with various experimental configurations by adjusting the linking distances, spacer yarn ratios, and inlays for proper optimization. Fabric physical and performance properties were evaluated to determine the application of wound dressings and the influence of structural differences. The result showed that the fabric with nylon-to-cotton yarn containing a linking distance setting of 6 needles at a ratio of 1:3, had the highest total performance value, making it the most appropriate fabric for exudate dressing in humid environmental conditions. The fabric with the highest water absorption capacity, and moisture management fabric type was the most effective.

Development of dual-core spun yarn using different fiber as a core by hamel twisting (elasto twist) technique and its impact on the denim fabric performance

Textile industries constantly explore innovative methods to increase fabric and yarn properties meeting multiple consumer demands and yarns (dual core) especially those incorporating an elastic core have obtained concentration for their potential in producing fabrics with improved stretch and recovery properties. This study focuses on the manufacturing of yarns (double core) using Hamel Twisting (Elasto twist) techniques utilizing core materials wrapped with 'S' and 'Z' directions such as polytrimethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate (T400®), PBT (Polybutylene terephthalate), PES (Polyester) and elastane (Lycra®). The yarns are manufactured utilizing an adjusted spinning technique (ring) and the work focuses on core materials wrapped with 'S' and 'Z' direction to the dual-core spun yarns using the Hamel Twisting (Elasto twist) method and also includes the manufacturing of denim fabrics (3/1 ‘Z’ twill) utilizing the developed yarn as weft. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of yarn properties, including unevenness, strength, neps (+200), elongation, thick place (+50), hairiness, and thin place (−50), and subsequently evaluates the fabric properties, such as weight (dry and washed), elasticity %, tensile strength, growth %, tearing strength, stiffness, and shrinkage. The statistical analysis utilizes Two-way ANOVA to examine the significant variations in fabric and yarn characteristics among several core components and their wrapped directions. The findings present an understanding of the performance of yarns (double core) manufactured through the elasto twist method, offering precious insights for applications in multiple textile products, including denim fabrics.

Regenerated Cellulosic Fibres Blended with Cotton to Enhance the Performance and Comfort Properties of Single Jersey Spandex Knitted Fabrics: A Sustainable Approach

Regenerated Cellulosic Fibres Blended with Cotton to Enhance the Performance and Comfort Properties of Single Jersey Spandex Knitted Fabrics: A Sustainable Approach

Theoretical analysis for the mechanical properties of the knitted structures

Abstract Knitting is a technology that has a thousand-year-old history, and can be normally seen in our daily lives. The knitted structure is constructed by the interwoven yarns that constrained by themselves, exhibiting extreme stretchability. The mechanical properties of the knit fabric also enable their integration with the flexible electronic devices. Nonetheless, it is yet problematic to expose the mechanical behaviors of knitting intrinsically. This paper investigates the mechanical characteristics of knitted structures subjected to uniaxial stretching. The analysis includes a structural assessment of the unit cell, with a focus on half of the cell accounting for symmetry. Mechanical analysis for three distinct scenarios (without elongation and friction, with elongation and no friction, with elongation and friction) is also presented. The stress-strain curve of the knitted structure and the correlation between stiffness and geometric parameters are illustrated. Additionally, simulations are carried out based on finite element analysis, yielding consistent results with the theoretical calculations. Subsequently, a uniaxial stretching experiment is conducted, and the experimental outcomes also verifies the theoretical analysis. Our analysis successfully explains the mechanical behavior of knitted structures, and also provides a reference for studying knitted fabrics with other topologies.

Polydopamine/SWCNT Ink Functionalization of Silk Fabric to Obtain Electroconductivity at a Low Percolation Threshold.

This study presents the functionalization of silk fabric with SWCNT ink. The first step was the formation of a polydopamine (PDA) thin coating on the silk fabric to allow for effective bonding of SWCNTs. PDA formation was carried out directly on the fabric by means of polymerization of dopamine in alkali conditions. The Silk/PDA fabric was functionalized with SWCNT ink of different SWCNT concentrations by using the dip-coating method. IR and Raman analyses show that the dominant β-sheet structure of silk fibroin after the functionalization process remains unchanged. The heat resistance is even slightly improved. The hydrophobic silk fabric becomes hydrophilic after functionalization due to the influence of PDA and the surfactant in SWCNT ink. The ink significantly changes the electrical properties of the silk fabric, from insulating to conductive. The volume resistance changes by nine orders of magnitude, from 2.4 × 1012 Ω to 2.3 × 103 Ω for 0.12 wt.% of SWCNTs. The surface resistance changes by seven orders of magnitude, from 2.1 × 1012 Ω to 2.4 × 105 Ω for 0.17 wt.% of SWCNTs. The volume and surface resistance thresholds are determined to be about 0.05 wt.% and 0.06 wt.%, respectively. The low value of the percolation threshold indicates efficient functionalization, with high-quality ink facilitating the formation of percolation paths through SWCNTs and the influence of the PDA linker.

Evaluating the impact of sportswear with different fabric properties on comfort and physiological response during running

ABSTRACT Comfort is vital in sportswear design. Previous research focused on the thermo-physiological comfort of modal blended fabric by examining its physical and thermal properties, neglecting comprehensive wear trials. This study compared the perceived comfort of two sportswear samples: polyester fabric and modal blended fabric. Ten participants (mean age = 22.4) wore the samples in random order during two trials. Each trial involved 25 min of treadmill running at a self-selected speed in a laboratory with a room temperature of 23.5 ± 1°C and 50% humidity. Heart rate, blood lactate level, skin temperature, perceived exertion, self-reported comfort, sportswear weight change, and fabric properties were recorded. Results showed that the blended fabric offered superior comfort despite the polyester fabric demonstrating better moisture transfer. This suggests that fabric composition and absorbency contribute to comfort and moisture transmission. Future studies should explore fabric structures and their impact on comfort in modal blended fabric using comprehensive human trials.

Quantification of Fundamental Textile Properties of Electronic Textiles Fabricated Using Different Techniques

Electronic textiles (E-textiles) have experienced an increase in interest in recent years leading to a variety of new concepts emerging in the field. Despite these technical innovations, there is limited literature relating to the testing of E-textiles for some of the fundamental properties linked to wearer comfort. As such, this research investigates four fundamental properties of E-textiles: air permeability, drape, heat transfer, and moisture transfer. Three different types of E-textiles were explored: an embroidered electrode, a knitted electrode, and a knitted structure with an embedded electronic yarn. All of the E-textiles utilized the same base knitted fabric structure to facilitate a comparative study. The study used established textile testing practices to evaluate the E-textiles to ascertain the suitability of these standards for these materials. The study provides a useful point of reference to those working in the field and highlights some limitations of existing textile testing methodologies when applied to E-textiles.

Technological progress in Russian military sports suits: the history of the use of materials and fabrics from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century

The subject of the study is technology in military sports suits of Russian military personnel. The object of the study is the progress in the production technologies of military sports suits. The author examines in detail the history of the use of various materials and fabrics for the production of military sports suits, from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the properties of various materials. The author shows that fabrics with high strength, wear resistance and good breathability are most suitable for military sports suits of Russian servicemen. The fabrics used for the production of military uniforms must meet a number of requirements. At the same time, such properties of fabrics as crease, drapery, hydroscopicity, dust capacity, heat-shielding properties, shrinkage, thread shedding, thread expansion in seams, sliding should be taken into account. The main research methods were theoretical methods – the method of analysis, generalization, systematization, classification of literary sources on the research topic. The novelty of the research consists in a comprehensive analysis of the basic properties, characteristics and requirements for fabrics used for the manufacture of military suits. A retrospective analysis and comparison of costumes from different eras were carried out. The main conclusion of the study is that from the end of the 19th century to the 21st century, the use of fabrics for military clothing has undergone significant changes. It is shown that at the end of the 19th century, military clothing was mainly made from natural fabrics such as cotton, wool and linen. With the advent of synthetic fibers in the 20th century, fabrics became more durable, lightweight, quick-drying and resistant to external factors. In the 21st century, with the development of fabric production technologies for military clothing, special mixtures of natural and synthetic fibers, as well as membrane materials, began to be used to provide high protection, comfort and functionality for military personnel. The author's special contribution to the study is the generalization of the results of various studies, the comparison of the main characteristics of fabrics used in various historical times with modern fabrics and materials.

Physics-based modeling of the effective gas transport properties of single jersey knitted fabrics based on images

In many processes and applications, the performance of textiles relies heavily on fluid transport; for example, the in-plane distribution of water and the through-plane permeation of water vapor and air. Prediction of knitted fabrics’ effective transport characteristics can enhance development workflows and bring them to new applications. Effective transport parameters that are particularly important are the permeability and diffusive mass transfer. Usually, experiments are used to determine these parameters. It is desirable to conduct a thorough investigation into how yarn structure and knitting gauge influence these properties to tailor knitted fabrics for a particular application. Our contribution in this context describes a consistent workflow to forecast the effective mass transfer characteristics of single jersey fabrics. Single jersey fabrics have been chosen for they are the simplest patterning, and are widely used in body-near worn garments. The proposed approach involves visualizing fabric samples with a light microscope, and subsequently determining relevant geometric parameters through automated image processing algorithms. With these parameters in hand, a representative elementary volume of the fabric is constructed. The yarn is modeled as an effective medium to reduce calculation time. The representative elementary volume is then used for numerical predictions of air permeability and the diffusive water vapor transport. The predicted through-plane gas transport properties are compared with experimental data to validate the approach. Six different single jersey polyester fabrics were analyzed, with different yarn structures and machine gauges. The comparison shows a good agreement between simulated and measured transport properties.

Effects of Different Water-Repellents and Sewing Thread Parameters on Comfort Properties of Fabrics Used for Outdoor Sports Activities

Effects of Different Water-Repellents and Sewing Thread Parameters on Comfort Properties of Fabrics Used for Outdoor Sports Activities

Cotton fabric surface treatment by plasma-deposited hexamethyldisilazane thin films

In the realm of fabric finishing, achieving the best wettability in cotton fabric is often a desired outcome. To accomplish this, a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system was used to deposit Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSN) thin films onto cotton fabric for two different durations: 15 and 30 minutes. Various fabric properties were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the treatment, including wettability, surface morphology, chemical structure, the effect of deposition on fabric stiffness, and the film fastness on the abrasion and washing. These properties were assessed using SEM, FTIR, and Martindale tester. Results indicated that both treatment durations improved the fabric's wicking ability. However, the film did not have a good fastness on abrasion and washing.

Estimating Cloth Simulation Parameters From Tag Information and Cusick Drape Test

AbstractIn recent years, the fashion apparel industry has been increasingly employing virtual simulations for the development of new products. The first step in virtual garment simulation involves identifying the optimal simulation parameters that accurately reproduce the drape properties of the actual fabric. Recent techniques advocate for a data‐driven approach, estimating parameters from outcomes of a Cusick drape test. Such methods deviate from standard Cusick drape tests, introducing high‐cost tools, which reduces practicality. Our research presents a more practical model, utilizing 2D silhouette images from the ISO‐standardized Cusick drape test. Notably, while past models have shown limitations in estimating stretching parameters, our novel approach leverages the fabric's tag information including fabric type and fiber composition. Our proposed model functions as a cascaded system: first, it estimates stretching parameters using tag information, then, in the subsequent step, it considers the estimated stretching parameters alongside the fabric sample's Cusick drape test results to determine bending parameters. We validated our model against existing methods and applied it in practical scenarios, showing promising outcomes. (see https://www.acm.org/publications/class-2012)

Fabrication and mechanical properties of thermoplastic corrugated sandwich panel with enhanced face‐core interface

AbstractThermoplastic sandwich structures are widely utilized in engineering fields due to their high specific strength and stiffness, recyclability, and impact toughness. The face‐core interface strength is crucial to maximize the performance benefits of sandwich structures. Two sizes of corrugated sandwich panels with hot‐melt bonding and resistance welding connection methods were fabricated. The mechanical properties of sandwich panels were compared using a combination of experimental, numerical, and analytical investigation. Edgewise compression (EC) and 3‐point bending (3 PB) tests were conducted to obtain load–displacement curves and investigate different failure modes of sandwich panels. The peak edge compression and bending loads of the resistance welded structures were 42% and 92% higher, respectively, and the face‐core interface was always well‐connected compared to those of the hot‐melt bonding. The results indicate that the resistance welding method can be utilized as a core bonding technique for thermoplastic composite sandwich structures and has great potential for aerospace application.Highlights A method that includes hot‐melt bonding and resistance welding are develop to produce thermoplastic composite corrugated sandwich panels (TPC‐CSPs). The TPC‐CSPs fabricated by resistance welding exhibit superior interface connection performance compared to hot‐melt bonding and this method enhance the structural load bearing capacity. The numerical and analytical method were presented to investigate the failure model, which was consistent with the experimental results.

Practical Methods to Estimate Fabric Mechanics from Metadata

AbstractEstimating fabric mechanical properties is crucial to create realistic digital twins. Existing methods typically require testing physical fabric samples with expensive devices or cumbersome capture setups. In this work, we propose a method to estimate fabric mechanics just from known manufacturer metadata such as the fabric family, the density, the composition, and the thickness. Further, to alleviate the need to know the fabric family –which might be ambiguous or unknown for nonspecialists–we propose an end‐to‐end neural method that works with planar images of the textile as input. We evaluate our methods using extensive tests that include the industry standard Cusick and demonstrate that both of them produce drapes that strongly correlate with the ground truth estimates provided by lab equipment. Our method is the first to propose such a simple capture method for mechanical properties outperforming other methods that require testing the fabric in specific setups.

Mechanical Properties of Aramid Fiber Fabrics and Composites Enhanced by Phthalic Anhydride Catalyzed with Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride

The surface modification of aramid fiber plain fabric (PPTA) was conducted through phthalic anhydride treatment and anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) catalysis, aiming to enhance the interfacial bonding strength between aramid fiber fabric and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) resin. The surface morphologies and structures of PPTA fiber before and after modification were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The mechanical properties of the PPTA/DGEBA composite were evaluated using a universal mechanical testing machine. The results demonstrate that when the concentration of phthalic anhydride is 0.3 mol/L, the tensile strength, bending strength and interlaminar shear strength of PPTA/DGEBA composites reach the maximum value, which are increased by 17.94%, 44.18%, and 15.94% compared with the unmodified sample, respectively. After a 0.5-h catalytic modification, the PPTA/DGEBA composites exhibited significantly enhanced tensile strength, bending strength, and interlaminar shear strength, achieving respective increments of 32.28%, 24.91%, and 29.10% compared to the modified samples without catalyst addition. Moreover, the overall mechanical properties of the aramid fiber fabrics and composites were substantially improved, which are more suitable for structural applications.

A comparative research on knitted fabrics washed with eco‐friendly detergent for different washing cycles

AbstractThe laundering process stands as the most commonly employed method for the maintenance of textile products. This investigation focused on boron, a pivotal mineral resource for our nation, and aims to elucidate alterations in fabric properties, specifically about colour changes and pilling, after the utilisation of various washing detergents. Comparative analyses and assessments were conducted across three distinct washing cycles, employing three distinct detergents: a boron‐infused washing detergent, a standard detergent conventionally utilised in textile trials, and a widely adopted commercial detergent. The investigation encompassed three diverse fabric constituents—cotton, polyester, and viscose—subjected to scrutiny in terms of fabric parameters subsequent to 1, 5, and 25 washing cycles. Following the laundering processes conducted at 40°C, evaluations were conducted concerning the pilling degree and colour alteration of the fabrics. Consumer perception regarding colour alterations, and subjective colour assessments was undertaken with a panel of 10 individuals. Furthermore, the research delved into the stain removal efficacy of the boron‐infused washing detergent. To assess stain removal, all fabrics were intentionally stained with six diverse contaminants: ketchup, mayonnaise, coffee, sweetened coffee, tea, and sweetened tea. A post‐washing evaluation of stain conditions was carried out subjectively by an assembled arbitration committee. Over the course of 25 washing cycles, it was observed that the boron‐containing detergent notably diminished colour strength, particularly evident in polyester and cotton fabrics. Pilling outcomes indicated a decrease in pilling as the number of washing cycles increased. Boron‐containing detergent, denoted as detergent B, consistently demonstrated commendable stain removal properties, particularly on cotton fabric.

Fabrication and mechanical properties of hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer hybrid composite with graphene nanoplatelets and multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Fabrication and mechanical properties of hybrid fibre-reinforced polymer hybrid composite with graphene nanoplatelets and multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Modelling Surface Roughness of 3/1 Twill Fabric Using Weft Yarn Count and Weft Thread Density

The surface roughness of fabric is one of the fabric properties that is used to evaluate the sensorial comfort of clothes. However, its objective evaluation requires sophisticated and expensive testing instruments and skilled testing expertise. Developing a predictive model is therefore an alternative approach to overcome such limitations. This study investigated a regression model to predict the surface roughness of 3/1 twill fabric using weft yarn count and weft thread density. Nine samples were produced by varying the weft yarn count and weft thread density at three different levels, while their surface roughness was determined using a Kawabata instrument (KES-FB4) under standard testing conditions. A two-factor predictive model equation was developed using design expert software. Based on the results and findings, the effects of count and density on the roughness of 3/1 twill fabric were found to be statistically significant for the developed model at a confidence interval of 95%. The model was tested by correlating the measured and predicted surface roughness values of 100% cotton 3/1 twill fabric. The results of the model test indicate a significant correlation (R2 = 0.9644) between the measured and predicted surface roughness values of 3/1 twill fabric, with a 95% confidence interval. Model validation was performed, and the study showed that the measured and predicted values of the surface roughness of 3/1 twill fabric have a 0.828 coefficient of determination (R2). This indicates that the surface roughness of 3/1 twill fabric can be predicted well by weft yarn count and weft thread density. This model can be thus used in textile industries and by research institutes for predicting the surface roughness of 3/1 twill fabrics in the new product development process.